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Tagalog grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Tagalog language, the language of the Tagalog region of the Philippines. In Tagalog, there are eight basic parts of speech: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles. Tagalog is a slightly inflected language. Pronouns are inflected for number; and verbs, for focus, aspect and voice. ==Verbs== Tagalog verbs are morphologically complex and are conjugated by taking on a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect, voice, and others. Below is a chart of the main verbal affixes, which consist of a variety of prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes. In the chart, ''CV~'' stands for the reduplicated first syllable of a root word, which is usually the first consonant and the first vowel of the word. ''N'' stands for a nasal consonant which assimilates to ''ng'', ''n'', or ''m'' depending on the consonant following it. ''∅'' means that the verb root is used, therefore no affixes are added. Punctuation marks indicate the type of affix a particular bound morpheme is; for example, hyphens mark prefixes and suffixes, and ' is an infix that is placed between the first consonant and the first vowel of a root word. The word ''sumulat (sulat)'' (actor focus and completed aspect or infinitive) is composed of the root word ''sulat'' and the infix '. Its other conjugated forms are ''susulat (su~sulat)'' and ''sumusulat (su~sulat)''. With object-focus verbs in the completed and progressive aspects, the infix ''-in-'' frequently becomes the infix ''-ni-'' or the prefix ''ni-'' if the rootword begins with , , , or ; e.g., ''linalapitan'' or ''nilalapitan'' and ''inilagay'' or ''ilinagay''. The imperative affixes are not often used in Manila, but they do exist in other Tagalog speaking provinces. TAGALOG INITIAL TENSES: Tagalog verbs can be conjugated, in a single tense, as many ways as possible depending on its focus and numbers - which is not necessary but it would better to do. I make them much closest as possible to its English counterparts so that it wouldn't be very confusing. And also I will do brake them one by one soon. Tenses indicate when do/does action/s is/are/was/were/will be/have been/ had been/ will have been/ and so on happened. Different languages have different grammatical ways of expressing them but surely they have always a common denominator that is the meaning. Some languages lack in tenses, but how they express the same expression as other languages do? Through this question, we will begin to know. For example, Tagalog can express progressiveness using helpers such as time words, time clauses and time phrases today. Although it has initial progressive form, they are, however, rarely used now. Since Tagalog is influenced by Indo-european languages such as Spanish, English, Latin, Arabic and very little Hindi and originally a member of Austronesian languages, Tagalog can move to either way. For example , Its verbs can be pluralised or stayed singular without affecting it's meaning. It also has gerunds, infinitives participles, particles, and very flexible sentence structures. Compare the following sentences; "Ang mga bata ay naglalaro ng basketbol "(it has a singular verb which is the "naglalaro") Ang mga bata ay nagsisipaglaro(-an) ng basketbol."(it has a plural verb, the nagsisipaglaro(-an) "). This (SOV) pattern is the most preferred when you are writing formal texts or book although it is not always compulsary because you also need to use the next structure. Naglalaro ng basketbol ang mga bata. Nagsisipaglaro-(an) ng basketbol ang mga bata. This (VSO) form is the most frequently and nearly always used in daily conversations. Ng basketbol ang mga bata naglalaro. Ng basketbol ang mga bata nagsisipaglaro(-an) This (OSV) form is rarely used but it is possible to be used. Ang mga bata ng basketbol naglalaro. Ang mga bata ng basketbol nagsisipaglaro(-an). This (SOV) form is also rarely used but it is also possible to be used. (OVS), (VOS),... and more combinations are possible as long as the proper particles are placed with their nouns, their meaning never change. Those sentences above are all gramatically correct and are 100% alike. All of them mean "The children are playing basketball. So lets move on to the very complicated Tagalog verb tenses conjugations and uses. Present/progressive tense: This tense has many conjugation forms. This tense alone can cover almost any verbs expressing present time. Here are the most common. A. This tense can be formed by using the infix -UM- and inserting it in the first letter of the simplest future form of verbs (root is larô, it's simplest future form is LALArô=>lalarô(will work) ). Some verbs becomes obscene or awkward when you use this form so you have to go to the next form. Native speakers can appreciate awkwardness because the meaning is already understandable but you will appear a little bit funny. Saw/s / is or are sawing; Tatahi becomes t-UM-atahi / tumatahi Buy/buys/is or are buying; Bibili becomes b-UM-ibili / bumibili Use/uses/is or are using; Gagamit becomes g-UM-agamit/gumagamit Dance/s / is or are dancing; Sasayaw becomes s-UM-asayaw/sumasayaw Attend/s / is or are attending; Dadalo becomes d-UM-adalo/ dumadalo * This tense and the next one (B) can also be used as past progressive tense when it is added with time indicating the past. Ang bata ay tumatakbo diyan kahapon.(acceptable) But, in English it is wrong. The child is running there yesterday.(wrong) B.Just add the affix NAG- and connect the future form. Some verbs are also obscene or awkward here. So, you have to go to the first form. Native speakers can appreciate that if ever you become awkward. You will appear a little bit funny. Wash/es/ is or are washing; NAG+lalaba = naglalaba Sell/s / is or are selling; NAG+titinda = nagtitinda Walk/s / is or are walking; NAG+lalakad = naglalakad C. Just add the affix NAGPAPA- to the base form of nouns, adjectives, or verbs. The speaker is simply saying what is happening right now. Noun: bahay (house) NAGPAPA-bahay = nagpapabahay Nagpapabahay ako para mga tao. (I am hiring men to do the house for the people.) Meaning= the speaker is the one owning the house being built for the people but he is not the one literally constructing the building. He is not doing anything. He is just talking. Adjective: Pula or red NAGPAPA + pula = nagpapapula Nagpapapula ako ng buhok. I am waiting for my hair to become red while it is in the process of coloring) Verb: Sakay or ride NAGPAPA +sakay = nagpapasakay Nagpapasakay ang mama ng pasahero sa jeep. The man is offering a ride to the passenger in his jeep. Past tense This tense can also be formed in many ways. A. Nag + root (nagluto=cooked) Nagluto ako ng kanin. I cooked rice. B. Inserting -UM- to the root (t-um-awa=laughed) Tumawa ako ng malakas I laughed very loud. This first two forms are substitute to one another's obsolete verbs. C. Na + root (natawa or laughed), this past form is almost always used for transitive sentences, however, it can also be used on non-transitive sense. Transitive sense; Nakita ni Diego ang dyip.--Diego saw the jeep.(It is a casual/semi-formal form of conversation, to shorten the number of words) Si Diego ay nakita ang dyip. -- Diego saw the jeep.(This form is a very formal. It is commonly used in written script or books.) Si Diego ang dyip nakita. (Diego saw the jeep) Intransitive sense; Nadulas siya sa sahig dahil madulas. He slipped down on the floor because it's slipperry Nalaglag ang bigas sa lupâ. The rice dropped on the ground. Simple future tense This tense has two forms just as in English. A. The first one is just simply repeat the first syllable up to the first vowel of the root just as in the following verbs. The given roots are takbo(run), akyat(climb), preno(vehicles' break), prito(fry), dreyn(drain), braso(force), laba(wash clothes), and luto(cook). Take note those are not infinitives because their infinitive forms vary on every verbs or modals they will attach. 1. Takbo becomes TATAkbo. 2. Akyat becomes AAkyat. 3. Preno becomes PREPREno or PIPREno. 4. Prito becomes PRIPRIto or PIPRIto. 5. Freym up becomes FREFREym up or FIFREYm up. 6. Dreyn becomes DREDREyn or DIDREyn. 7. Braso becomes BRABRAso or BABRAso. 8. Laba becomes LALAba. 9. Luto becomes LULUto. Tatakbo ako sa bukid bukas. (I will run at the field tomorrow.) Ako ay aakyat ng puno mamaya. (I will climb a tree later) Words that I used. Ako= I, Bukid = farm or field, Puno = tree, Bukas = tomorrow, Mamaya = later, Sa = at, on, in (or any preposition) and Ay= copula (serves only as an equatıon.) Verbs 3 and 4 are borrowed from English and respelled through Filipino style. This form must be used when the speaker wants to say a fact that something will occur. Just like in other tenses, many verbs becomes odd when they are used in this form. B. MAG + future A form. This form is more frequently used than the first form. Sometimes form A and B are interchangeable but most in many circumtances they convey different meaning on a single root. Some verbs can be interchanged such as this; Maglalaba ako ng sapatos. (I am going to wash the shoes.) Lalaba ako ng sapatos. (I will wash the shoes.) Many verbs can't be interchanged read this; Mag-aakyat ako ng mga malalaking bato. (I am planning/going to/(will) put the big stones up.) Aakyat ako ng mga malalaking bato (I will climb different huge stones.) Mag-aakyat, Magtatakbo, Magprepreno, Magpriprito or magpiprito, Magdredreyn, Magbrabraso, Magluluto Maglalaba *A hyphen must be used when the root begins with a vowel. Look at the example above, the mag-aakyat. Next will be Present Perfect Tense but it is not exactly the same how English does like those previously explained. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tagalog grammar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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